HIV tests are conducted to investigate the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus in the human body. This virus leads to or causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and can be present in serum, saliva, or urine. These...
Introduction
HIV tests are conducted to investigate the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus in the human body. This virus leads to or causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and can be present in serum, saliva, or urine. These tests are capable of detecting antigens, or RNA, and antibodies. Conducting these tests for diagnosing HIV infection in a particular individual calls for a high degree of both sensitivity and specificity.
In India, an estimated around 24 lakhs people are living with HIV, out of which the southern states have the largest number. Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka have the highest number of HIV infected people. It is estimated that the Annual New Infection (ANI) rate was 62.97 thousand in 2021 in India.
What are the different types of HIV Aids tests available?
Basically, three types of HIV tests—antibody tests, antigen/antibody tests, and nucleic acid tests (NAT) are commonly prevalent. The immune system of the human body produces antibodies when a person is exposed to viruses like HIV. On the other hand, antigens are foreign substances that cause the immune system of a person to become active. If a person has HIV, an antigen called p24 gets produced even before the development of the antibodies.
HIV tests are typically performed by investigation of blood or oral fluid. They may also be examined in urine.
Antibody Test
An antibody test’s main purpose is to look for antibodies to HIV in the blood or oral fluid of the patient.
Antibody tests comprise most rapid tests and are the only HIV self-test, approved in most parts of the world, including the U.S. In this test, blood is drawn from a vein of a person, which helps in detecting HIV faster than tests conducted with blood from a finger stick or done with oral fluid.
Antigen/Antibody Test
An antigen/antibody test is a complete HIV test that detects both HIV antibodies and antigens in the bloodstream.
When it comes to laboratory-based testing, antigen/antibody tests are mostly recommended and extensively used in most parts of the world. These tests are conducted in a blood sample obtained through venipuncture.
As a quicker alternative, there is also a rapid antigen/antibody test available. This test utilizes a small blood sample obtained from a finger prick instead of a venipuncture.
Nucleic Acid Test (NAT)
A Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) directly looks for the presence of the HIV virus in the blood sample.
To perform a NAT, a healthcare technician will collect a blood sample from the vein, which will then be sent to a laboratory for testing.
This test not only determines whether a person is infected with HIV but can also provide information about the amount of virus present in the bloodstream (known as HIV viral load test). NAT is known for its capability to detect HIV at an earlier stage compared to other types of tests.
Individuals who have recently had a potential exposure to HIV, show early symptoms of HIV, and have received negative results on antibody or antigen/antibody tests should consider undergoing a NAT.
It is important to do HIV AIDS for Prevention of HIV Infection
People who are aware of their HIV-positive status can receive antiretroviral therapy (ART), a treatment for HIV, and maintain good health for many years. Research shows that the earlier HIV treatment is initiated after the diagnosis, the greater the benefits. HIV treatment reduces the viral load (amount of HIV in the blood), minimizes HIV-related illnesses, and prevents transmission to others.
People living with HIV who strictly follow the prescribed HIV treatment and achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load (referred to as viral suppression) do not transmit HIV to their sexual partners.
Individuals who undergo HIV testing and receive negative results can make informed decisions regarding sexual activities, drug use, and healthcare practices, which are crucial for HIV prevention.
Taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a medication specifically designed for preventing HIV, is highly effective in reducing the risk of HIV transmission.
The turnaround time to get HIV test results
It is totally governed by the type of HIV test and where one gets tested. Usually, the turnaround time for HIV self-tests is 20 minutes.
When it comes to a rapid antibody test, which is typically conducted with blood from a finger stick or with oral fluid, the findings are ready to evaluate in 30 minutes or less than that.
While on the other hand, the rapid antigen/antibody test, done with blood from a finger stick, gives the results in 30 minutes or less. However, to receive the test results from a NAT or antigen/antibody lab test, it may take several days.
HIV test: Is it possible to detect the virus after immediate exposure
No, it is not possible to detect HIV immediately after infection, irrespective of the HIV test. It is mainly because of the time frame between HIV exposure and when any particular test can detect HIV in a person’s body. The window period is also dependent on the type of HIV test conducted. It is worth mentioning that a nucleic acid test is usually able to detect HIV the soonest, which is about 10 to 33 days after an exposure. Hence, it is important to know more about the time period required for each HIV test.
So, if a person feels being exposed to HIV in the last 72 hours, he or she should immediately consult a doctor, mostly an emergency room doctor, or to an urgent care provider and mull about post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). It should be done in all earnest.
Conclusion
HIV/AIDS testing plays a very important role in early detection, treatment, and prevention of the disease. Whether through antigen/antibody tests, nucleic acid tests (NAT), or other diagnostic methods, testing helps individuals to take right decisions about their health. Check the HIV AIDS test price by talking directly to the healthcare facility in your area if you have someone who needs to do this testing. By knowing their HIV status, people can access life-saving treatments like antiretroviral therapy (ART) and take necessary precautions to prevent transmission. Regular testing and awareness contribute to a healthier future, as we strive towards eliminating the burden of HIV/AIDS globally.
FAQs
What is HIV/AIDS?
HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a type of virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) by attacking the immune system of a person.
How is HIV transmitted?
HIV is mainly transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles or syringes, and from an HIV-positive mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
Can I get HIV from casual contact?
No, HIV is not transmitted through casual contact like hugging, shaking hands, sharing food or drinks, or using the same toilet or swimming pool as an HIV-positive person.
What are the common symptoms of HIV/AIDS?
In the early stages, HIV may not cause noticeable symptoms. As the infection progresses, symptoms can include fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, diarrhea, and opportunistic infections.
Is there a cure for HIV/AIDS?
Currently, there is no cure for HIV/AIDS. However, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively manage the virus, control its progression, and help people with HIV lead long and healthy lives.
How can I protect myself from HIV?
You can protect yourself by practicing safe sex (using condoms), avoiding sharing needles or drug equipment, and getting tested regularly for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
Can HIV be transmitted through oral sex?
The risk of transmitting HIV through oral sex is low but not zero. It can be reduced further by using barriers like condoms or dental dams and avoiding contact with semen, vaginal fluids, or blood.
Can HIV be transmitted through breastfeeding?
Yes, HIV can be transmitted through breastfeeding. However, the risk can be significantly reduced with the use of antiretroviral medications by the mother and other preventive measures.
Can I get HIV from a blood transfusion?
In many countries, blood donations are routinely tested for HIV, significantly reducing the risk of transmission. However, it's essential to ensure proper screening and testing procedures are followed.
Can I live a normal life with HIV/AIDS?
Yes, with early diagnosis, access to treatment, and adherence to medication, people living with HIV can lead long and fulfilling lives. Supportive care, including mental health and social support, is also crucial.
